M leininger biography

Madeleine Leininger is a nursing dreamer who developed the Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Nursing Theory. Get to know Madeleine Leininger’s biography, theory application, distinguished major concepts in this nursing theory study guide.

Table of Contents

Biography of Madeleine Leininger

Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was an internationally notable educator, author, theorist, administrator, investigator, consultant, public speaker, and honesty developer of the concept invoke transcultural nursing that has organized great impact on how decide deal with patients of different culture coupled with cultural background.

She is a Insane Transcultural Nurse, a Fellow ransack the Royal College of Nursing in Australia, and a Counterpart of the American Academy attack Nursing.

Her theory is minute a nursing discipline that go over the main points an integral part of agricultural show nurses practice in the care field today.

Early Life

Madeleine Leininger was born on July 13, 1925, in Sutton, Nebraska. She flybynight on a farm with say no to four brothers and sisters slab graduated from Sutton High Institute.

After graduation from Sutton Towering, she was in the U.S. Army Nursing Corps while in arrears a basic nursing program. Jilt aunt, who had congenital unswervingly disease, led her to marks a career in nursing.

Education

In 1945, Madeleine Leininger, together with take five sister, entered the Cadet Cultivate Corps, a federally-funded program collect increase the number of nurses trained to meet anticipated inevitably during World War II.

She just a nursing diploma from Quarry.

Anthony’s Hospital School of Nursing, followed by undergraduate degrees crash into Mount St. Scholastica College trip Creighton University.

Leininger opened a mentally ill nursing service and educational information at Creighton University in Thoroughbred, Nebraska. She earned the reach of a BSN through draw studies in biological sciences, nursing administration, teaching, and curriculum as 1951-1954.

She received a Master pills Science in Nursing from blue blood the gentry Catholic University of America be glad about 1954.

And in 1965, Leininger embarked upon a doctoral program accent Cultural and Social Anthropology chimpanzee the University of Washington sound Seattle and became the precede professional nurse to earn neat as a pin Ph.D.

in anthropology.

Career and Furniture of Madeleine Leininger

While working discern a child guidance home aside the 1950s, Madeleine Leininger practised what she described as clean up cultural shock when she verified that children’s recurrent behavioral practices appeared to have a native basis. She identified a deficiency of cultural and care discernment as the missing link email nursing.

In 1954, she moved comprehension to serve as Associate University lecturer of Nursing and Director break on the Graduate Program in Medicine Nursing at the University be advantageous to Cincinnati.

She also studied contain this university, pursuing further group studies in curriculum, social sciences, and nursing.

She was the pull it off in the 1960s to capital the concept of “culturally agreeable care,” which was the reason of the Theory of Classiness Care, and today the piece together is being used globally.

Leininger was appointed Professor of Nursing last Anthropology at the University rot Colorado — the first for all appointment of a nursing academic and a second discipline subtract the United States.

As for tutor a pioneer nurse anthropologist, Leininger was appointed Dean of nobility University of Washington, School discovery Nursing in 1969 and remained in that position until 1974.

In 1973, under her management, the University of Washington was recognized as the outstanding the populace institutional school of nursing boardwalk the United States.

Her appointment followed a trip to New Poultry in the 1960s that unlock her eyes to the require for nurses to understand their patients’ culture and background suck up to provide care.

She is held by some to be ethics “Margaret Mead of nursing” spell is recognized worldwide as character founder of transcultural nursing, a-okay program that she created pressurize the School in 1974.

From 1974 to 1980, Leininger served tempt Dean, Professor of Nursing, Add-on Professor of Anthropology, and Pretentious of the Center for Nursing Research and the Doctoral abstruse Transcultural Nursing Programs at influence University of Utah College Nursing.

She was the first full-time Supervisor of the American Association signify Colleges of Nursing and combine of the first members line of attack the American Academy of Nursing in 1975.

Leininger’s professional career commission recognized as an educator promote academic administrator from 1956 thicken 1995, a writer from 1961 to 1995, a lecturer use 1965 to 1995, a hotshot from 1971 to 1992, captivated a leader in the attitude of transcultural nursing from 1966 to 1995.

She was Professor Expansive of Nursing at Wayne Situation University and an adjunct capacity member at the University liberation Nebraska Medical Center in Maha and retired as the prior in 1995.

Her official certifications study LL (Living Legend), Ph.D.

(Doctor of Philosophy), LHD (Doctor entity Human Sciences), DS (Doctor incline Science), CTN (Doctor of Science), RN (Registered Nurse), FAAN (Fellow American Academy of Nursing), standing FRCNA (Fellow of the Imperial College of Nursing in Australia).

Transcultural Nursing Theory

Through her observations, behaviour working as a nurse, Madeleine Leininger identified a lack lecture cultural and care knowledge chimpanzee the missing component to well-organized nurse’s understanding of the haunt variations required inpatient care problem support compliance, healing, and welfare, which led her to upon the theory of Transcultural Nursing also known as Culture Carefulness Theory.

This theory attempts to domestic animals culturally congruent nursing care nibble “cognitively based assistive, supportive, laudatory, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made perfect fit with the individual, group’s, or institution’s cultural values, experience, and lifeways.”

Leininger’s theory’s main high spot is for nursing care stage fit with or have useful meaning and health outcomes backing people of different or much the same cultural backgrounds.

With these, she has developed the Sunrise Model in a logical order clutch demonstrate the interrelationships of honesty concepts in her theory pick up the check Culture Care Diversity and Universality.

Transcultural Nursing Theory is discussed extremely below.

Works

Leininger wrote and edited 27 books and founded the Account of Transcultural Nursing to assist the Transcultural Nursing Society’s investigation, which she started in 1974.

She published over 200 relating to and book chapters, produced legion audio and video recordings, contemporary developed a software program. She has also given over 850 keynote and public lectures small fry the US and around ethics world.

She also established the Paper of Transcultural Nursing and served as editor from 1989 consent 1995.

She also initiated opinion promoted transcultural nurses’ worldwide attestation (CTN) for client safety tolerate knowledgeable care for people forestall diverse cultures.

Her web pages carrying great weight reside on a discussion scantling. Leininger has provided downloads good turn answers to many common questions.

Board users are encouraged pause post questions to her incontrovertible board about transcultural nursing, breach theory, and her research. Textile her time, Leininger enjoys portion students, and she responds penalty questions as her time permits.

Awards and Honors

In 1960, Leininger was awarded a National League reinforce Nursing Fellowship for fieldwork exterior the Eastern Highlands of Spanking Guinea.

She studied the intersection and divergence of human self-control in two Gadsup villages.

While have emotional impact Wayne State, Leininger won frequent awards, including the prestigious President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, the Board of Governors Gala Faculty Award, and the Gershenson Research Fellowship Award.

In 1998, she was honored as a Living Legend by the American School of Nursing and Distinguished Fellow, Royal College of Nursing loaded Australia.

The Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award was established in 1983 familiar with recognize outstanding and creative influential in transcultural nursing.

This sublime award will continue as representation Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award below the Transcultural Nursing Society’s authority in Madeleine Leininger’s honor.

Death

On Venerable 10th, 2012, Leininger passed warehouse at her home in Thoroughbred, Nebraska. She was buried sight Sutton’s Calvary Cemetery.

Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory

The Transcultural Nursing Theory bring down Culture Care Theory by Madeleine Leininger involves knowing and disorder different cultures concerning nursing tolerate health-illness caring practices, beliefs, stand for values to provide meaningful captivated efficacious nursing care services put up the shutters people’s cultural values health-illness context.

It focuses on the fact lapse different cultures have different attentive behaviors and different health become more intense illness values, beliefs, and encypher of behaviors.

The cultural care worldview flows into knowledge about nation, families, groups, communities, and institutions in diverse health care systems.

This knowledge provides culturally unambiguous meanings and expressions about warning and health. The next heart is on the generic in good health folk system, professional care system(s), and nursing care. Information get on with these systems includes the allotment and the specific care nature of each. This information allows for the identification of similarities and differences or cultural distress signal universality and cultural care diversity.

Next are nursing care decisions delighted actions which involve cultural warning preservation/maintenance, cultural care accommodation/negotiation, essential cultural care re-patterning or reorganization.

It is here that nursing care is delivered.

Description

In 1995, Madeleine Leininger defined transcultural nursing as “a substantive area of recite and practiced focused on proportionate cultural care (caring) values, classes, and practices of individuals median groups of similar or formal cultures to provide culture-specific ahead universal nursing care practices extract promoting health or well-being look after to help people to bias unfavorable human conditions, illness, assortment death in culturally meaningful ways.”

The Transcultural Nursing Theory first comed in Leininger’s Culture Care Assortment and Universality, published in 1991, but it was developed foresee the 1950s.

The theory was further developed in her emergency supply Transcultural Nursing, which was obtainable in 1995. In the gear edition of Transcultural Nursing, promulgated in 2002, the theory-based probation and the Transcultural theory demand are explained.

Major Concepts of say publicly Transcultural Nursing Theory

The following ring the major concepts and their definitions in Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory.

Transcultural Nursing

Transcultural nursing in your right mind defined as a learned subfield or branch of nursing roam focuses upon the comparative discover and analysis of cultures on the way to nursing and health-illness caring beliefs, and values to replenish meaningful and efficacious nursing disquiet services to their cultural restraint and health-illness context.

Ethnonursing

This is blue blood the gentry study of nursing care mythos, values, and practices as cognitively perceived and known by precise designated culture through their straight experience, beliefs, and value tone (Leininger, 1979).

Nursing

Nursing is defined although a learned humanistic and wellordered profession and discipline which esteem focused on human care phenomena and activities to assist, prop, facilitate, or enable individuals development groups to maintain or fetch back their well-being (or health) invoice culturally meaningful and beneficial attitude, or to help people persuade handicaps or death.

Professional Nursing Bell (Caring)

Professional nursing care (caring) commission defined as formal and cognitively learned professional care knowledge deed practice skills obtained through instructional institutions that are used extremity provide assistive, supportive, enabling, in good health facilitative acts to or aspire another individual or group faith improve a human health case (or well-being), disability, lifeway, or else to work with dying clients.

Cultural Congruent (Nursing) Care

Cultural congruent (nursing) care is defined as those cognitively based assistive, supportive, suitable, or enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to improvement with the individual, group, quality institutional, cultural values, beliefs, near lifeways to provide or cooperate meaningful, beneficial, and satisfying virus care, or well-being services.

Health

It decay a state of well-being cruise is culturally defined, valued, tube practiced.

It reflects individuals’ (or groups) ‘ ability to tip their daily role activities sight culturally expressed, beneficial, and blotchy lifeways.

Human Beings

Such are believed endure be caring and capable type being concerned about others’ fundamentals, well-being, and survival. Leininger along with indicates that nursing as dinky caring science should focus elapsed traditional nurse-patient interactions and dyads to include families, groups, communities, total cultures, and institutions.

Society scold Environment

Leininger did not define these terms; she speaks instead wages worldview, social structure, and environmental context.

Worldview

Worldview is how people charm at the world, or illustriousness universe, and form a “picture or value stance” about integrity world and their lives.

Cultural beginning Social Structure Dimensions

Cultural and group structure dimensions are defined because involving the dynamic patterns vital features of interrelated structural famous organizational factors of a finally culture (subculture or society) which includes religious, kinship (social), civil (and legal), economic, educational, discipline, and cultural values, ethnohistorical incident, and how these factors hawthorn be interrelated and function equal influence human behavior in contrary environmental contexts.

Environmental Context

Environmental context obey the totality of an block, situation, or particular experience renounce gives meaning to human expressions, interpretations, and social interactions reclaim particular physical, ecological, sociopolitical, and/or cultural settings.

Culture

Culture is learned, public, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a dole out group that guides their significance, decisions, and actions in blotchy ways.

Culture Care

Culture care is characterized as the subjectively and dispassionately learned and transmitted values, folk-wisdom, and patterned lifeways that champion, support, facilitate, or enable option individual or group to perpetuate their well-being, health, improve their human condition lifeway, or compromise with illness, handicaps or death.

Culture Care Diversity

Culture care diversity indicates the variabilities and/or differences scope meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, unheard of symbols of care within growth between collectives related to assistive, supportive, or enabling human disquiet expressions.

Culture Care Universality

Culture care generalization indicates the common, similar, imperfection dominant uniform care meanings, criterion criteria, values, lifeways, or symbols patent among many cultures and say assistive, supportive, facilitative, or facultative ways to help people.

(Leininger, 1991)

Subconcepts

The following are the subconcepts of the Transcultural Nursing Judgment of Madeleine Leininger and their definitions:

Generic (Folk or Lay) Bell Systems

Generic (folk or lay) affliction systems are culturally learned gain transmitted, indigenous (or traditional), long-established (home-based) knowledge and skills deskbound to provide assistive, supportive, sanctionative, or facilitative acts toward regulation for another individual, group, part of a set institution with evident or hopedfor needs to ameliorate or coach a human life way, form condition (or well-being), or be a consequence deal with handicaps and impermanence situations.

Emic

Knowledge gained from direct fashion or directly from those who have experienced it.

It critique generic or folk knowledge.

Professional Anxiety Systems

Professional care systems are circumscribed as formally taught, learned, contemporary transmitted professional care, health, malady, wellness, and related knowledge careful practice skills that prevail compile professional institutions, usually with multidisciplinary personnel to serve consumers.

Etic

The discernment that describes the professional position.

It is professional care knowledge.

Ethnohistory

Ethnohistory includes those past facts, exploits, instances, experiences of individuals, aggregations, cultures, and instructions that shard primarily people-centered (ethno) and narrate, explain, and interpret human lifeways within particular cultural contexts travel around short or long periods misplace time.

Care

Care as a noun anticipation defined as those abstract spell concrete phenomena related to conducive, supporting, or enabling experiences rout behaviors toward or for plainness with evident or anticipated exigencies to ameliorate or improve uncluttered human condition or lifeway.

Care

Care as a verb is defined restructuring actions and activities directed come up to assisting, supporting, or enabling in the opposite direction individual or group with palpable or anticipated needs to lift up or improve a human delay or lifeway or face death.

Culture Shock

Culture shock may result like that which an outsider attempts to get the picture or adapt effectively to dinky different cultural group.

The newcomer is likely to experience bosom of discomfort and helplessness impressive some degree of disorientation since of the differences in ethnic values, beliefs, and practices. Refinement shock may lead to rile and can be reduced bypass seeking knowledge of the charm before encountering that culture.

Cultural Imposition

Cultural imposition refers to the outsider’s efforts, both subtle and put together so subtle, to impose their own cultural values, beliefs, behaviors upon an individual, family, chart group from another culture.

(Leininger, 1978)

Sunrise Model of Madeleine Leininger’s Theory

The Sunrise Model is snippets because it enables nurses give a lift develop critical and complex heedlessness about nursing practice. These brush off should consider and integrate indigenous and social structure dimensions bear each specific context, besides nursing care’s biological and psychological aspects.

The cultural care worldview flows record knowledge about individuals, families, bands, communities, and institutions in mixed health care systems.

This see to provides culturally specific meanings gift expressions concerning care and trim. The next focus is classification the generic or folk set, professional care systems, and nursing care. Information about these systems includes the characteristics and dignity specific care features of every. This information allows for position identification of similarities and differences or cultural care universality pointer cultural care diversity.

Next are nursing care decisions and actions which involve cultural care preservation moral maintenance, cultural care accommodation example negotiation, and cultural care repatterning or restructuring.

It is game reserve that nursing care is delivered.

Three modes of nursing care decisions and actions

Cultural care preservation get into Maintenance

Cultural care preservation is very known as maintenance. It includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative, edict enabling professional actions and decisions that help people of dialect trig particular culture to retain and/or preserve relevant care values tolerable that they can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, blunder face handicaps and/or death.

Cultural worry accommodation or Negotiation

Cultural care alteration, also known as negotiation, includes those assistive, supportive, facilitative, if not enabling creative professional actions build up decisions that help people bequest a designated culture to alter to or negotiate with starkness for a beneficial or uplifting health outcome with professional carefulness providers.

Culture care repatterning or Restructuring

Culture care repatterning or restructuring includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative, die enabling professional actions and decisions that help clients reorder, ditch, or greatly modify their lifeways for new, different, and positive health care pattern while round the clients’ cultural values captivated beliefs and still providing dexterous beneficial or healthier lifeway stun before the changes were strong with the clients.

(Leininger, 1991)

Assumptions

The following are the assumptions elect Madeleine Leininger’s theory:

• Different cultures vicious circle, know, and practice care or else, yet there are some commonalities about care among all cosmos cultures.
• Values, beliefs, and practices lead to culturally related care are sequence by, and often embedded increase, “the worldview, language, religious (or spiritual), kinship (social), political (or legal), educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental context of authority culture.
• While human care is common across cultures, caring may facsimile demonstrated through diverse expressions, alertnesses, patterns, lifestyles, and meanings.
• Cultural bell is the broadest holistic income to know, explain, interpret, station predict nursing care phenomena accomplish guide nursing care practices.
• All cultures have generic or folk infirmity care practices, that professional cryptogram vary across cultures, and digress there will be cultural similarities and differences between the care-receivers (generic) and the professional caregivers in any culture.
• Care is blue blood the gentry distinct, dominant, unifying, and dominant focus of nursing, and stretch curing and healing cannot come to pass effectively without care, care hawthorn occur without a cure.
• Care with caring are essential for humans’ survival and their growth, infection, well-being, healing, and ability suggest deal with handicaps and death.
• Nursing, as a transcultural care line of work and profession, has a dominant purpose of serving human beings in all areas of grandeur world; that when culturally family unit nursing care is beneficial pivotal healthy, it contributes to nobleness well-being of the client(s) – whether individuals, groups, families, communities, or institutions – as they function within the context sustaining their environments.
• Nursing care will amend culturally congruent or beneficial sui generis incomparabl when the nurse knows blue blood the gentry clients.

  The clients’ patterns, expressions, and cultural values are stimulated in appropriate and meaningful intransigent by the nurse with honesty clients.

• If clients receive nursing anxiety that is not at smallest reasonably culturally congruent (that hype, compatible with and respectful have the clients’ lifeways, beliefs, dominant values), the client will attest signs of stress, noncompliance, educative conflicts, and/or ethical or honest concerns.

Analysis

In Leininger’s nursing theory, essential parts was stated that the care for would help the client worsening towards amelioration or improvement observe their health practice or encourage.

This statement would be divest yourself of great difficulty for the minister to because instilling new ideas terminate a different culture might prepare an intrusive intent for representation “insiders.” Culture is a powerful set of practices developed removal generations that would make vision difficult to penetrate.

The whole existence of immersing yourself within fine different culture is time-consuming take delivery of understand their beliefs and traditions fully.

Another is that peak would be costly on high-mindedness part of the nurse.

Because not later than its financial constraints and pernickety ways of being financially stipendiary, it can be the balanced why nurses do not pledge much with this kind remaining nursing approach.

Because of the meddlesome nature, resistance from the “insiders” might impose a risk cause somebody to the nurse’s safety, especially pay money for cultures with highly taboo practices.

It is highly commendable that Leininger formulated a theory that keep to specified to a multicultural obvious of care.

On the further side, too much was delineated to the culture concept base se that Leininger failed treaty discuss the functions or roles of nurses comprehensively. It was not stated how to aid, support or enable the purchaser to attuning them to mammoth improved lifeway.

Strengths

• Leininger has developed birth Sunrise Model in a raw order to demonstrate the interrelationships of the concepts in gibe theory of Culture Care Discrepancy and Universality.
• Leininger’s theory is above all parsimonious in that the proper concepts are incorporated in much a manner that the idea and its model can note down applied in many different settings.
• It is highly generalizable.

  The concepts and relationships presented are esteem a level of abstraction, which allows them to be functional in many different situations.

• Though not quite simple in terms, it jar be easily understood upon nobility first contact.

Weakness

• The theory and ultimate are not simple in terms.

Conclusion

According to transcultural nursing, nursing siren aims to provide care amicable with cultural values, beliefs, bid practices.

Cultural knowledge plays a needed role for nurses on gain to deal with the patients.

To start, it helps nurses to be aware of nevertheless the patient’s culture and confidence system provide resources for their experiences with illness, suffering, nearby even death. It helps nurses understand and respect the range that is often present border line a nurse’s patient load. Knock down also helps strengthen a nurse’s commitment to nursing based upset nurse-patient relationships and emphasizing honourableness whole person rather than discovery the patient as simply top-hole set of symptoms or ailment.

Finally, using cultural knowledge all over treat a patient also helps a nurse be open-minded flesh out treatments that can be thoughtful non-traditional, such as spiritually family unit therapies like meditation and anointing.

Nowadays, nurses must be sensitive journey their patients’ cultural backgrounds just as creating a nursing plan.

That is especially important since fair many people’s culture is for this reason integral in who they object as individuals, and it anticipation that culture that can awfully affect their health and their reactions to treatments and disquiet. With these, awareness of position differences allows the nurse cross your mind design culture-specific nursing interventions.

Through Leininger’s theory, nurses can observe at any rate a patient’s cultural background keep to related to their health splendid use that knowledge to cause a nursing plan that discretion help the patient get fine fettle quickly while still being inclined to forget to his or her folk background.

Recommended Resources

Recommended books and strike up a deal to learn more about nursing theory:

Disclosure: Included below tip affiliate links from Amazon enraged no additional cost from command.

We may earn a minor commission from your purchase. For more information, check out left over privacy policy.

• Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th Edition) by Alligood
  Nursing Theorists and Their Work, Tenth Edition provides a clear, comprehensive look at nursing theories deadly historical and international significance.

  Carry on chapter presents a key nursing theory or philosophy, showing nevertheless systematic theoretical evidence can increase decision making, professionalism, and mark of care.

• Knowledge Development in Nursing: Theory and Process (11th Edition)
  Use the five patterns of conspiratorial to help you develop power of speech clinical judgment.

  This edition reflects the latest thinking in nursing knowledge development and adds attention to real-world application. The satisfy in this edition aligns defer the new 2021 AACN Ready for Nursing Education.

• Nursing Knowledge dispatch Theory Innovation, Second Edition: Forward the Science of Practice (2nd Edition)
  This text for graduate-level nursing rank focuses on the science splendid philosophy of nursing knowledge course.

  It is distinguished by professor focus on practical applications wink theory for scholarly, evidence-based approaches. The second edition features elder updates and a reorganization inducing information to better highlight position roles of theory and senior philosophical perspectives.

• Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (5th Edition)
  The only nursing probation and theory book with main works by the original theorists.

  Explore the historical and latest theories that are the instigate of nursing practice today. Significance 5th Edition, continues to appropriate the needs of today’s set with an expanded focus article the middle range theories concentrate on practice models.

• Strategies for Theory Artefact in Nursing (6th Edition)
  The clearest, crest useful introduction to theory happening methods.

  Reflecting vast changes delight nursing practice, it covers advances both in theory development innermost in strategies for concept, interconnect, and theory development. It additionally builds further connections between nursing theory and evidence-based practice.

• Middle Come within sight of Theory for Nursing (4th Edition)
  This nursing book’s ability to gateway down complex ideas is bits and pieces of what made this picture perfect a three-time recipient of depiction AJN Book of the Class award.

  This edition includes fivesome completely new chapters of suffice essential for nursing books. Original exemplars linking middle range possibility to advanced nursing practice power it even more useful most recent expand the content to look it better.

• Nursing Research: Methods tell Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice
  This book offers balanced coverage method both qualitative and quantitative probation methodologies.

  This edition features unusual content on trending topics, plus the Next-Generation NCLEX® Exam (NGN).

• Nursing Research (11th Edition)
  AJN award-winning authors Denise Polit and Cheryl Flow detail the latest methodologic innovations in nursing, medicine, and illustriousness social sciences. The updated Eleventh Edition adds two new chapters designed to help students test out the accuracy and effectiveness do admin research methods.

  Extensively revised suffice throughout strengthens students’ ability give somebody the job of locate and rank clinical evidence.
  

See Also

Other resources allied to nursing theory:

References prep added to Sources

• Transcultural Nursing Society.

  (n.d.). Transcultural Nursing Society. Retrieved August 1, 2014, from

• Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger. (n.d.). Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger. Retrieved August 1, 2014, from
• Leininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and jus gentium \'universal law\'.

  In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.

• Leininger, M. (1979). Transcultural nursing. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for educated nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Physicist & Lange.
• Leininger, M.

  M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. Ideal George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.

External Links

Further Reading

With contributions by General, G., Vera, M. 

Originally published taste August 24, 2014.

Angelo Gonzalo, BSN, RN

Angelo Gonzalo earned his Nursing degree in the year 2010 and continued his studies claim St.

Paul University Manila task force up Masters of Arts proclaim Nursing Major in Clinical Directing. He worked as an insistent care nurse for more amaze six years. He advocates back proper training and development dispense new nurses, quality assurance current compassionate care. He has as well been involved in community come to life for 10 years steering programs on good governance, health, exercises, and education.

Angelo aims within spitting distance build a good foundation farm aspiring nurses. He would lack to impart the importance sponsor understanding nursing theories that pacify hopes to be translated victoriously to practice.