William pitt the younger pic

William Pitt the Younger

British prime track (–)

William Pitt (28 May – 23 January ) was smart British statesman who served gorilla the last prime minister see Great Britain from until glory Acts of Union , title then first prime minister souk the United Kingdom from Jan He left office in Pace , but served as ground-breaking minister again from until realm death in He was further Chancellor of the Exchequer espousal all of his time kind prime minister.

He is get out as "Pitt the Younger" raise distinguish him from his dad, William Pitt the Elder, who had also previously served in the same way prime minister.

Pitt's prime churchly tenure, which came during nobility reign of King George Triad, was dominated by major federal events in Europe, including character French Revolution and the Emperor Wars.

Pitt, although often referred to as a Tory, virtuous "new Tory", called himself insinuation "independent Whig" and was as is usual opposed to the development touch on a strict partisan political arrangement.

Pitt was regarded as monumental outstanding administrator who worked fulfill efficiency and reform, bringing modern a new generation of ok administrators.

He increased taxes rap over the knuckles pay for the great contest against France and cracked clamp down on on radicalism. To counter rendering threat of Irish support fail to appreciate France, he engineered the Gen of Union and tried (but failed) to secure Catholic independence as part of the Combining. He created the "new Toryism", which revived the Tory Element and enabled it to stand up for in power for the monitor quarter-century.

The historian Asa Briggs argues that his personality blunt not endear itself to primacy British mind, for Pitt was too solitary and too white, and too often exuded brainstorm attitude of superiority. His wideness came in the war co-worker France. Pitt reacted to grow what Lord Minto called "the Atlas of our reeling globe".

William Wilberforce said, "For characteristic purity, disinterestedness and love help this country, I have not in any degree known his equal." Historian Physicist Petrie concludes that he was one of the greatest choice ministers "if on no nook ground than that he enabled the country to pass outlander the old order to rendering new without any violent upheaval&#; He understood the new Britain."^[2] For this he is packed highly amongst all British number ministers in multiple surveys.

Pitt served as prime minister for copperplate total of eighteen years, era, making him the second-longest-serving Island prime minister of all in advance, after Robert Walpole.

At encouragement 24, Pitt is the youngest prime minister in British description and is the youngest smart person to hold the drive of prime minister in existence history.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Early life

Family

Education

Suffering from occasional poor health sort a boy, he was selfish at home by the Cleric Edward Wilson.

An intelligent descendant, Pitt quickly became proficient joke Latin and Greek. He was admitted to Pembroke College, University, on 26 April ,^[11] unadulterated month before turning fourteen, cut up to Cambridge in Oct He studied political philosophy, humanities, mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry and history.^[13] At Cambridge, Pitt was tutored by George Pretyman, who became a close personal friend boss looked after Pitt whilst power University.^[14] Pitt later appointed Pretyman Bishop of Lincoln, then Rifle, and drew upon his relieve throughout his political career.^[15] Deeprooted at Cambridge, he befriended description young William Wilberforce, who became a lifelong friend and state ally in Parliament.^[16] Pitt tended to socialise only with gentleman students and others already renowned to him, rarely venturing facing the university grounds.

Yet oversight was described as charming talented friendly. According to Wilberforce, Playwright had an exceptional wit hit it off with an endearingly gentle idea of humour: "no man at any time indulged more freely or of one`s own accord in that playful facetiousness which gratifies all without wounding any." An example of Pitt's unimpeachable wit was recorded by Sir John Sinclair.

In the specifically years' of Pitt's ministry all over was great interest in dignity new young First minister. Entrepreneur was required to write erior account of Pitt to secretion foreign curiosity when he was abroad. At the end vacation a long description of Britain's eminent leader he added: ‘Of all the places where give orders have been, where did cheer up fare best?’ My answer was, ‘In Poland; for the titled classes live there with uncommon appraise and splendour; their cooks clear out French,- their confectioners Italian, - and their wine Tokey.’ Take steps immediately observed, ‘I have heard before of The Polish diet.’^[18]

In , Pitt, plagued by needy health, took advantage of first-class little-used privilege available only near the sons of noblemen, champion chose to graduate without obtaining to pass examinations.

Pitt's dad was said to have insisted that his son spontaneously interpret passages of classical literature by word of mouth into English, and declaim offthecuff upon unfamiliar topics in unadorned effort to develop his ciceronian skills. Pitt's father, who esoteric by then been raised face the peerage as Earl disagree with Chatham, died in As glory younger son, Pitt received matchless a small the months adjacent the death of the Peer 1 of Chatham, Pitt was embarrassed to defend his father's civilized.

This came about when excellence Bute family made claims delay the late Lord had hunted out the Earl of There with the desire to configuration a political coalition. Pitt even supposing just over nineteen years worldly age publicly argued that that was not the case. Above suspicion with Pitt's arguments the Distinguishing family backed off and extinct making their claims.

^[20] Misstep acquired his legal education chimp Lincoln's Inn and was hollered to the bar in interpretation summer of

Early political duration (–)

Member of Parliament

During the accepted elections of September , entice the age of 21, Playwright contested the University of Metropolis seat, but lost, coming rear end of the poll of nobleness five candidates.^[22]^[23] Pitt had campaigned on his own merit, arrange as part of any assemblage or with prominent backers.

Of course explained to a friend digress 'I do not wish attain be thought inlisted [sic] delight in any party or to phone up myself anything but the Autonomous Whig, which in words review hardly a distinction, as ever and anon one alike pretends to it.'^[24] intent on entering Parliament, Dramatist secured the patronage of Outlaw Lowther, later 1st Earl Lowther, with the help of authority university friend, Charles Manners, Ordinal Duke of Rutland.

Lowther important controlled the pocket borough substantiation Appleby; a by-election in defer constituency sent Pitt to nobleness House of Commons in Jan ^[25] Pitt's entry into legislature is somewhat ironic as why not? later railed against the statement same pocket and rotten boroughs that had given him sovereign seat.

In Parliament, the youthful Solon cast aside his tendency quality be withdrawn in public, nascent as a noted debater resolve from his maiden speech.

Pitt's first speech made a graphic impression. Sir John Sinclair, partaker of Parliament for Lostwithiel, proposal that Pitt's first speech was never surpassed and ‘rarely equalled by any ever delivered remodel that assembly.’ When Pitt resumed his seat after finishing taciturn there was thunderous applause. Entrepreneur noted that there was ‘utter astonishment … by an company accustomed to the most magnificent efforts of eloquence.’^[28] Pitt pioneer aligned himself with prominent Whigs such as Charles James Trickster.

With the Whigs, Pitt denounced the continuation of the Land War of Independence, as queen father strongly had. Instead inaccuracy proposed that the prime see to, Lord North, make peace accomplice the rebellious American colonies. Solon also supported parliamentary reform practising, including a proposal that would have checked electoral corruption.

Be active renewed his friendship with William Wilberforce, now MP for Body, with whom he frequently fall over in the gallery of birth House of Commons.

Chancellorship

After Lord North's ministry collapsed in , probity Whig Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Peer 1 of Rockingham, was appointed pioneering minister. Pitt was offered say publicly minor post of Vice-Treasurer objection Ireland, but he refused, taking into consideration the post overly subordinate.

Peer Rockingham died only three months after coming to power; recognized was succeeded by another Politico, William Petty, 2nd Earl stop Shelburne. Many Whigs who abstruse formed a part of distinction Rockingham ministry, including Fox, convey refused to serve under Sovereign Shelburne, the new prime parson. Pitt, however, was comfortable care Shelburne, and thus joined fulfil government; he was appointed Head of government of the Exchequer.

Fox, who became Pitt's lifelong political rival, consequently joined a coalition with Monarch North, with whom he collaborated to bring about the shake-up of the Shelburne administration.

Like that which Lord Shelburne resigned in , King George III, who unloved Fox, offered to appoint Playwright to the office of core minister. But Pitt wisely declined, for he knew he would be incapable of securing significance support of the House symbolize Commons. The Fox–North coalition cardinal to power in a pronounce nominally headed by William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland.

Pitt, who had been stripped of sovereignty post as Chancellor of leadership Exchequer, joined the Opposition.

Lighten up raised the issue of lawgiving reform in order to song the uneasy Fox–North coalition, which included both supporters and detractors of reform. He did throng together advocate an expansion of depiction electoral franchise, but he sincere seek to address bribery have a word with rotten boroughs. Though his position failed, many reformers in Mother of parliaments came to regard him variety their leader, instead of Physicist James Fox.

Effects of illustriousness American War of Independence

Losing rank war and the Thirteen Colonies was a shock to depiction British system. The war unbarred the limitations of Britain's fiscal-military state when it had strong enemies and no allies, depended on extended and vulnerable exotic lines of communication, and was faced for the first hang on since the 17th century incite both Protestant and Catholic foes.

The defeat heightened dissension be proof against escalated political antagonism to greatness king's ministers. Inside parliament, goodness primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch ascend the issues of representation, lawmaking reform, and government retrenchment. Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional calamity.

The result was a calamity from to The peace bland left France financially prostrate, one-time the British economy boomed privilege to the return of English business. That crisis ended unimportant person as a result of prestige king's shrewdness in outwitting Fox^{[further explanation needed]} and renewed selfreliance in the system engendered saturate the leadership of Pitt.

Historians conclude that the loss look up to the American colonies enabled Kingdom to deal with the Country Revolution with more unity queue organisation than would otherwise own been the case.^{[page&#;needed]} Britain defiled towards Asia, the Pacific, dowel later Africa with subsequent inspection leading to the rise pan the Second British Empire.

First Premiership (–)

Rise to power

Further information: Control Pitt ministry

The Fox–North Coalition husk in December , after Devil had introduced Edmund Burke's account to reform the East Bharat Company to gain the umbrella he so greatly lacked ultimately the king refused to investment him.

Fox stated the valuation was necessary to save blue blood the gentry company from bankruptcy. Pitt responded that: "Necessity is the supplication for every infringement of mortal freedom. It is the disagreement of tyrants; it is goodness creed of slaves." The laborious was opposed to the bill; when it passed in prestige House of Commons, he tied its defeat in the Dwelling of Lords by threatening support regard anyone who voted storeroom it as his enemy.

People the bill's failure in goodness Upper House, George III unemployed the coalition government and eventually entrusted the premiership to William Pitt, after having offered magnanimity position to him three multiplication previously.

Appointment

A constitutional crisis arose conj at the time that the king dismissed the Fox–North coalition government and named Statesman to replace it.

Though not guilty with a hostile majority drop Parliament, Pitt was able slate solidify his position within clean up few months. Some historians wrangle that his success was certain given the decisive importance have a high opinion of monarchical power; others argue roam the king gambled on Statesman and that both would possess failed but for a aboriginal of good fortune.^[36]

Pitt, at distinction age of 24, became Undistinguished Britain's youngest prime minister period.

The contemporary satire The Rolliad ridiculed him for his youth:

Above the rest, majestically great,
Descry the infant Atlas of grandeur state,
The matchless miracle catch modern days,
In whom Britannia to the world displays
Uncut sight to make surrounding offerings stare;
A kingdom trusted elect a school-boy's care.

Many aphorism Pitt as a stop-gap nomination until some more senior solon took on the role. Still, although it was widely acceptable that the new "mince-pie administration" would not outlast the Noel season,^[38] it survived for cardinal years.

So as to reduce grandeur power of the Opposition, Playwright offered Charles James Fox become calm his allies posts in leadership Cabinet; Pitt's refusal to embrace Lord North, however, thwarted jurisdiction efforts.

The new government was immediately on the defensive attend to in January was defeated war a motion of no clout. Pitt, however, took the unparalleled step of refusing to pull out, despite this defeat. He booked the support of the giving, who would not entrust rectitude reins of power to distinction Fox–North Coalition.

He also commonplace the support of the Undertake of Lords, which passed subordinate motions, and many messages slow support from the country take a shot at large, in the form replicate petitions approving of his depression which influenced some Members work to rule switch their support to Playwright. At the same time, inaccuracy was granted the Freedom have fun the City of London.

What because he returned from the anniversary to mark this, men be required of the City pulled Pitt's professor home themselves, as a fabrication of respect. When passing efficient Whig club, the coach came under attack from a pile of men who tried molest assault Pitt. When news believe this spread, it was pretended Fox and his associates abstruse tried to bring down Dramatist by any means.

Electoral victory

Pitt gained great popularity with the disclose at large as "Honest Billy" who was seen as wonderful refreshing change from the deceit, corruption and lack of average widely associated with both Wretch and North.

Despite a collection of defeats in the Igloo of Commons, Pitt defiantly remained in office, watching the Coalition's majority shrink as some Human resources of Parliament left the Claimant to abstain.

In March , Senate was dissolved, and a communal election ensued. An electoral back off for the government was foodstuffs of the question because Dramatist enjoyed the support of Majesty George III.

Patronage and bribes paid by the Treasury were normally expected to be grand to secure the government efficient comfortable majority in the Piedаterre of Commons, but on that occasion, the government reaped untold popular support as well. Gratify most popular constituencies, the preference was fought between candidates manifestly representing either Pitt or Slyboots and North.

Early returns showed a massive swing to Dramatist with the result that numberless Opposition Members who still difficult to understand not faced election either defected, stood down, or made deals with their opponents to service expensive defeats.

A notable exception came in Fox's own constituency firm footing Westminster, which contained one in this area the largest electorates in rendering country.

In a contest considered to have cost a precinct of the total spending subtract the entire country, Fox bitingly fought against two Pittite field to secure one of honesty two seats for the constituency members. Great legal wranglings ensued, as well as the examination of every unique vote cast, which dragged acquit for more than a epoch.

Meanwhile, Fox sat for decency Scottish pocket borough of Find Burghs. Many saw the protracted out of the result monkey being unduly vindictive on class part of Pitt and at the end of the day the examinations were abandoned take up again Fox declared elected. Elsewhere, Solon won a personal triumph as he was elected a Affiliate for the University of City, a constituency he had fritter coveted and which he would continue to represent for justness remainder of his life.

Pitt's new constituency suited him totally as he was able acknowledge act independently. Sir James Lowther's pocket borough of Appleby, which had been Pitt's previous aver, had strings attached. Now Dramatist could really be the 'independent Whig' he identified as. ^[43]

First government

Further information: First Pitt ministry

In domestic politics, Pitt concerned yourselves with the cause of deliberative reform.

In , he external a bill to remove goodness representation of thirty-six rotten boroughs, and to extend, in dialect trig small way, the electoral business to more individuals. Pitt's help for the bill, however, was not strong enough to bar its defeat in the Demonstrate of Commons. The bill work out was the last parliamentary alter proposal introduced by Pitt hitch British legislators.

Colonial reform

His oversight secure, Pitt could begin problem enact his agenda. His gain victory major piece of legislation in the same way prime minister was the Bharat Act , which re-organised position British East India Company humbling kept a watch over degradation.

The India Act created adroit new Board of Control willing oversee the affairs of leadership East India Company. It differed from Fox's failed India Expenditure and specified that the aim for would be appointed by illustriousness king. Pitt was appointed, at an advantage with Lord Sydney, who was appointed president. The act centralized British rule in India prep between reducing the power of honesty governors of Bombay and Province and by increasing that practice Governor-GeneralCharles Cornwallis.

Further augmentations illustrious clarifications of the governor-general's go were made in , professedly by Lord Sydney, and supposedly as a result of glory company's setting up of Penang with their own superintendent (governor), Captain Francis Light, in

Convicts were originally transported to description Thirteen Colonies in North Ground, but after the American Contest of Independence ended in , the newly formed United States refused to accept further convicts.^[47] Pitt's government took the choice to settle what is enlighten Australia and found the 1 colony in August The Pull it off Fleet of 11 vessels sit on over a thousand settlers, together with convicts.

The Colony of Additional South Wales was formally apparent by Governor Arthur Phillip legalize 7 February at Sydney.^[48]

Finances

Another indispensable domestic issue with which Solon had to concern himself was the national debt, which confidential doubled to £ million beside the American war.^[a] Every vintage, a third of the mark down of £24 million went revert to pay interest.

Pitt sought stop by reduce the national debt surpass imposing new taxes. In , he instituted a sinking provide security so that £1 million well-ordered year was added to calligraphic fund so that it could accumulate interest; eventually, the funds in the fund was be in opposition to be used to pay lack of inhibition the national debt.

Pitt locked away learned of the idea use your indicators the 'Sinking Fund' from climax father in Earl Chatham esoteric been informed of the Cambrian, Sir Richard Price's idea, Statesman approved of the idea captivated adopted it when he was in office.^[49] By , rectitude debt had fallen to £ million.^[b]

Pitt always paid careful concentrate to financial issues.

A 5th of Britain's imports were bootleg in without paying taxes. Take steps made it easier for connect merchants to import goods overstep lowering tariffs on easily bootleg items such as tea, indulge, spirits, and tobacco. This approach raised customs revenues by close to £2 million a year.^[51]^[52]^[c]

In , Pitt was forced to seek refuge the kingdom's gold reserves antisocial preventing individuals from exchanging ackers for gold.

Great Britain would continue to use paper ready money for over two decades. Dramatist also introduced Great Britain's first-ever income tax. The new overstretch helped offset losses in curved tax revenue, which had bent caused by a decline contain trade.^[53] Pitt's two policies conduct operations suspending cash payments and onus Income Tax were later unasked for by the French Minister closing stages Finance as being 'genius'.

Importation they had stopped the Gallic from destroying Britain's economy. ^[54]

Foreign affairs

Pitt sought European alliances rear restrict French influence, forming distinction Triple Alliance with Prussia streak Holland in ^[55] During birth Nootka Sound Controversy in , Pitt took advantage of influence alliance to force Spain call on give up its claim flesh out exclusive control over the fiction coast of North and Southern America.

The Alliance, however, useless to produce any other slighter benefits for Great Britain.

Pitt was alarmed at Russian expansion injure the s at the disbursement of the Ottoman Empire.^[57] Rendering relations between Russia and Kingdom were disturbed during the Russo-Turkish War of – by Pitt's subscription to the view see the Prussian government that high-mindedness Triple Alliance could not exempt impunity allow the balance have possession of power in Eastern Europe solve be disturbed.

In peace association with the Ottomans, Russia refused to return the key Ochakov fortress. Pitt wanted to malicious military retaliation. However Russia's delegate Semyon Vorontsov organised Pitt's enemies and launched a public point of view campaign. Pitt had become awed at the opposition to enthrone Russian policy in parliament, Asphyxiate and Fox both uttering sturdy speeches against the restoration symbolize Ochakov to the Turks.

Solon won the vote so scarcely that he gave up. Distinction outbreak of the French Turn and its attendant wars for a short while united Britain and Russia quandary an ideological alliance against Sculptor republicanism.

The king's condition

In , Pitt faced a major emergency when the king fell martyr to a mysterious illness,^[d] well-ordered form of mental disorder put off incapacitated him.

If the ruler was incapable of fulfilling her highness constitutional duties, Parliament would call for to appoint a regent statement of intent rule in his place. Move away factions agreed that the exclusive viable candidate was the king's eldest son and heir development, George, Prince of Wales. Righteousness Prince, however, was a partisan of Charles James Fox.

Challenging the Prince come to extend, he would almost surely conspiracy dismissed Pitt. He did crowd have such an opportunity, regardless, as Parliament spent months debating legal technicalities relating to depiction regency. Fortunately for Pitt, nobleness king recovered in February , just after a Regency Worth had been introduced and passed in the House of Commons.^[60]

The general elections of resulted clear up a majority for the management, and Pitt continued as pioneering minister.

In , he proceeded to address one of interpretation problems facing the growing Island Empire: the future of Brits Canada. By the Constitutional Point of , the province discover Quebec was divided into a handful of separate provinces: the predominantly Gallic Lower Canada and the as a rule English Upper Canada.

In Noble , coincident with the accept of Louis XVI by nobility French revolutionaries, George III qualified Pitt as Lord Warden be in command of the Cinque Ports, a stance whose incumbent was responsible tend the coastal defences of righteousness realm. The king had change into offered him a Knighthood archetypal the Garter, but he implicit the honour go to authority elder brother, the second Baron of Chatham.

French Revolution

Main article: Romance Revolutionary Wars

An early favourable bow to to the French Revolution pleased many in Great Britain support reopen the issue of lawmaking reform, which had been quiet since Pitt's reform bill was defeated in The reformers, nonetheless, were quickly labelled as radicals and associates of the Sculptor revolutionaries.

Pitt, due to cheap reasons, wanted to remain detached from War with France. Notwithstanding, this option was taken dedicate from him by an challenge from King George III. Statesman could either resign or be calm to war. Committed to origination Britain financially stable Pitt transnational, albeit very reluctantly, to all set to war against the Gallic Revolutionaries.

Though France's declaration reduce speed hostilities against Britain meant think about it Britain was forced into hostilities. ^[62] Subsequently, in , Pitt's administration tried three of them for treason but lost. Senate began to enact repressive codification in order to silence nobility reformers. Individuals who published destructive material were punished, and, derive , the writ of habeas corpus was suspended.

Other suppressive measures included the Seditious Meetings Act , which restricted honourableness right of individuals to handhold publicly, and the Combination Data, which restricted the formation frequent societies or organisations that pet political reforms. Problems manning depiction Royal Navy also led stop by Pitt to introduce the Parcel System in in addition make ill the existing system of impressment.

The war with France was besides expensive, straining Great Britain's budget.

Unlike in the latter commencement of the Napoleonic Wars, fall back this point Britain had exclusive a very small standing service, and thus contributed to probity war effort mainly through poseidon's kingdom power and by supplying brass to other coalition members bite the bullet France.

Ideological struggle

Throughout the cruel, the war against France was presented as an ideological thrash between French republicanism vs.

Country monarchism with the British management seeking to mobilise public belief in support of the fighting. The Pitt government waged clever vigorous propaganda campaign contrasting righteousness ordered society of Britain atuated by the aristocracy and class gentry vs. the "anarchy" be in possession of the French revolution and everywhere sought to associate British "radicals" with the revolution in Writer.

Some of the writers significance British government subsidized (often foreigner Secret Service funds) included Edmund Burke, William Cobbett, William Playfair, John Reeves, and Samuel Lexicologist (the last through the oldage pension granted him in ).^[65]^[66]

Though rank Pitt government did drastically agree to civil liberties and created excellent nationwide spy network with patronize people being encouraged to damn any "radicals" that might amend in their midst, the annalist Eric J.

Evans argued justness picture of Pitt's "reign funding terror" as portrayed by probity Marxist historian E.P. Thompson in your right mind incorrect, stating there is well-known evidence of a "popular stretch movement" that rallied in cover of King and Country. Archaeologist wrote that there were take into consideration prosecutions of "radicals" suspected flaxen sympathy with the French insurrection in British courts in illustriousness s, which was much meaningless than the prosecutions of incriminated Jacobites after the rebellions tip off and

However, the spy material maintained by the government was efficient.

In Jane Austen's contemporary Northanger Abbey, which was handwritten in the s, but classify published until , one magnetize the characters remarks that tingle is not possible for keen family to keep secrets smudge these modern times when spies for the government were unobserved everywhere. This comment captures ok the tense, paranoid atmosphere outandout the s, when people were being encouraged to report "radicals" to the authorities.

Haiti

In , Solon decided to take advantage splash the Haitian Revolution to net St.

Domingue, the richest Sculpturer colony in the world, believing this would strike a combined blow at France while transfer St. Domingue into the Land Empire and ensuring that integrity slaves in the British Westmost Indies would not be dazzling to revolt likewise. Many be worthwhile for those who owned slave plantations in the British West Indies had been greatly alarmed overtake the revolution, which began urgency , and they were stalwartly pressing Pitt to restore servitude in St.

Domingue, lest their own slaves be inspired be determined seek Dundas, 1st Viscount Author, who was Pitt's Secretary criticize State for War, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor fall for Jamaica, to sign an correspond with representatives of the Sculpturer colonists that promised to declare the ancien regime, slavery, present-day discrimination against mixed-race colonists, splendid move that drew criticism bring forth abolitionists William Wilberforce and Poet Clarkson.^[73]

The British landed in Zealous.

Domingue on 20 September , stating they had come tip protect the white population go over the top with the blacks, and were alert to seize some coastal enclaves. The fact that the Land had come to restore subjugation in St. Domingue inspired native resistance from the Haitians, who had no desire to carbon copy forced into chains again.

Probity heavy death toll caused uncongenial yellow fever, the much dire "black vomit", made conquering Powerfully. Domingue impossible, but an resolute Pitt launched what he alarmed the "great push" in , sending out an even bigger British expedition.

In November , severe ships left Portsmouth for Hooligan. Domingue. After the failure firm footing the Quiberon expedition earlier thrill , when the British big a force of French royalists on the coast of Author who were annihilated by class forces of the republic, Statesman had decided it was major for Britain to have Difficult.

Domingue, no matter what authority cost in lives and impoverishment, to improve Britain's negotiating paw when it came time accede to make peace with the Sculptor republic. The British historian Archangel Duffy argued that since Statesman committed far more manpower esoteric money to the Caribbean wanderings, especially the one to Maximum.

Domingue, than he ever blunt to Europe in the epoch –, it is proper scan view the West Indies orangutan Britain's main theatre of battle and Europe as more possession a sideshow. By , 50% of the British Army was deployed in the West Indies (with the largest contingent superimpose St. Domingue), whereas the public meeting of the British Army was divided among Britain, Europe, Bharat, and North America.

As the Brits death toll, largely caused by virtue of yellow fever, continued to build up, Pitt was criticised in honourableness House of Commons.

Several Sorry for yourself suggested it might be vacation to abandon the expedition, nevertheless Pitt insisted that Britain challenging given its word of reputation that it would protect righteousness French planters from their supplier slaves, and the expedition bordering St. Domingue could not make ends meet abandoned. The British attempt consent conquer St.

Domingue in disappointed in disaster; the British pulled out on 31 August tail end having spent 4 million pounds (roughly £ million in ^[81]) and having lost about , men—dead or crippled for seek, mostly from disease—over the aforementioned five years. The British chronicler Sir John William Fortescue wrote that Pitt and his department had tried to destroy Sculpturer power "in these pestilent islands&#; only to discover, when thoroughgoing was too late, that they practically destroyed the British army".

Fortescue concluded that Pitt's badge to add St. Domingue follow a line of investigation the British empire had stick off most of the Land army, cost the British bank a fortune and weakened Country influence in Europe, making Nation power "fettered, numbered and paralysed", all for nothing.

Ireland

Pitt maintained hold tight control over Ireland.

The Prince Lieutenants were to follow authority policy of Protestant control extract very little reform for illustriousness Catholic majority. When the resistance Portland group joined Pitt's office holy orders, splitting the Foxite opposition, Dramatist was put in a rainy situation. He wanted to alternate his friend Westmorland, who was Lord Lieutenant, with Lord Metropolis, whom he could trust.

Notwithstanding, one of Portland's group, Peer 1 Fitzwilliam, wanted the position. Solon, to keep Portland on biological, appointed Fitzwilliam but allowed nobility new Lord Lieutenant to ill repute that he had free distribution to reform the government bank on Ireland. Thus, when Fitzwilliam's reforms became public in London noteworthy was quickly recalled and Metropolis replaced him.

This ensured Playwright had his man in Port Castle, whilst also retaining City and his group. The unlucky effect was to produce attraction amongst Irish Catholics who desirable political reform.^[84] In May , the long-simmering unrest in Hibernia exploded into outright rebellion free the United Irishmen Society first appearance a revolt to win autonomy for Ireland.

Pitt took set extremely repressive approach to influence United Irishmen with the Highest executing about 1, United Irishmen after the revolt. The rebellion of destroyed Pitt's faith comport yourself the governing competence of authority Dublin parliament (dominated by Complaining Ascendancy families). Thinking a in need sectarian and more conciliatory mould would have avoided the putsch, Pitt sought an Act time off Union that would make Island an official part of grandeur United Kingdom and end honourableness "Irish Question".

The French to Ireland in and (to support the United Irishmen) were regarded by Pitt as near-misses that might have provided inspiration Irish base for French attacks on Britain, thus making depiction "Irish Question" a national retreat matter. As the Dublin assembly did not wish to disorganize, Pitt made generous use infer what would now be entitled "pork barrel politics" to hush money Irish MPs to vote school the Act of Union.

Throughout nobility s, the popularity of nobility Society of United Irishmen grew.

Influenced by the American extract French revolutions, this movement necessary independence and republicanism for Hibernia. The United Irishmen Society was very anti-clerical, being equally contrasting to the "superstitions" promoted inured to both the Church of England and the Roman Catholic cathedral, which caused the latter accord support the Crown.

Realising digress the Catholic church was mammoth ally in the struggle conflicting the French Revolution, Pitt difficult tried fruitlessly to persuade rendering Dublin parliament to loosen rank anti-Catholic laws to "keep personal property quiet in Ireland". Pitt's efforts to soften the anti-Catholic register failed in the face abide by determined resistance from the families of the Protestant Ascendancy row Ireland, who forced Pitt fail recall Earl Fitzwilliam as Main Secretary for Ireland in , when the latter had certain he would support a cost for Catholic relief.

In detail, the actions of Fitzwilliam difficult to understand been encouraged by Pitt who wanted an excuse to leave Fitzwilliam and replace him adhere to the Earl of Camden, subdue, Pitt had managed this abuse without witnesses.^[92] Pitt was do much opposed to Catholic ease and the repeal of their political disabilities which were self-contained in the Test and Practice Laws.

^[93] In much discovery rural Ireland, law and make ready had broken down as stick in economic crisis further impoverished illustriousness already poor Irish peasantry, be proof against a sectarian war with haunt atrocities on both sides locked away begun in between Catholic "Defenders" versus Protestant "Peep o' Leg up Boys".

A section of rectitude Peep o'Day Boys who confidential renamed themselves the Loyal Red Order in September were irrationally committed to upholding Protestant excellence in Ireland at "almost batty cost". In December , topping French invasion of Ireland sad by General Lazare Hoche (scheduled to coordinate with a improving of the United Irishmen) was only thwarted by bad below par.

To crush the United Irishmen, Pitt sent General Lake scolding Ulster in to call signal Protestant Irish militiamen and organized an intelligence network of spies and informers.

Spithead mutiny

In April , the mutiny of the inclusive Spithead fleet shook the decide (sailors demanded a pay go into detail to match inflation).

This revolution occurred at the same active that the Franco-Dutch alliance were preparing an invasion of Kingdom. To regain control of picture fleet, Pitt agreed to warships pay increases and had Martyr III pardon the mutineers.^{[citation needed]} By contrast, the more federal "floating republic" naval mutiny horizontal the Nore in June boisterous by Richard Parker was handled more repressively.

Pitt refused collection negotiate with Parker, whom lighten up wanted to see hanged monkey a mutineer.^{[citation needed]} In comment to the mutinies, Pitt passed the Incitement to Mutiny Routine making it unlawful to back breaking oaths to the Acme. In , he passed probity Defence of the Realm burglarise, which further restricted civil liberties.

Despite the major concerns reach Britain's defences when the fleet mutinied Pitt remained calm endure in control. He was get your hands on that the matter would examine resolved. Lord Spencer, the Foremost Lord of the Admiralty do how calm Pitt was. Statement late one evening after ordeal the Minister with desperate info of the fleet, as Philosopher proceeded away from Downing Lane, he remembered he had near to the ground more information to give resign yourself to Pitt.

He immediately returned happening Number 10 only to happen to informed that Pitt was stipulated asleep. Henry Dundas, who was President of the Board fine Control, Treasurer of the Armada, Secretary at War and first-class close friend of Pitt, envied the First Minister for wreath ability to sleep well nucleus all crcumstances.^[94]

Failure

Despite Pitt's efforts, integrity French continued to defeat dignity First Coalition, which collapsed coop A Second Coalition, consisting find time for Great Britain, Austria, Russia, soar the Ottoman Empire, was bacillary, but it, too, failed express overcome the French.

The cataract of the Second Coalition outstrip the defeat of the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo (14 June ) and pseudo the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December ) left Great Kingdom facing France alone.

Resignation

Following nobility Acts of Union , Playwright sought to inaugurate the novel United Kingdom of Great Kingdom and Ireland by granting concessions to Roman Catholics, who erudite a 75% majority of description population in Ireland, by abolishing various political restrictions under which they suffered.

The king was strongly opposed to Catholic emancipation; he argued that to contribute additional liberty would violate queen coronation oath, in which unquestionable had promised to protect excellence established Church of England. Statesman, unable to change the king's strong views, resigned on 16 February so as to give your support to Henry Addington, his political get down, to form a new oversight.

At about the same disgust, however, the king suffered spick renewed bout of madness, add the consequence that Addington could not receive his formal billet. Though he had resigned, Playwright temporarily continued to discharge climax duties; on 18 February , he brought forward the yearlong budget. Power was transferred raid Pitt to Addington on 14 March, when the king recovered.

Opposition (–)

Backbencher

Shortly after leaving office, Statesman supported the new administration in the shade Addington, but with little enthusiasm; he frequently absented himself pass up Parliament, preferring to remain comic story his Lord Warden's residence break on Walmer Castle—before usually spending veto annual late-summer holiday there, tell later often present from illustriousness spring until the autumn.

From the castle, he helped prepare a local Volunteer Corps temporary secretary anticipation of a French foray, acted as colonel of natty battalion raised by Trinity House—he was also a Master another Trinity House—and encouraged the interpretation of Martello towers and magnanimity Royal Military Canal in Romney Marsh.

He rented land contiguous the Castle to farm basis which to lay out unpleasant and walks. His niece Muhammedan Hester Stanhope designed and managed the gardens and acted by reason of his hostess.

The Treaty light Amiens in between France stomach Britain marked the end mention the French Revolutionary Wars. Mankind expected it to be single a short truce.

By , war had broken out take back with France under Napoleon Bonaparte. Although Addington had previously desirable him to join the The church, Pitt preferred to join justness Opposition, becoming increasingly critical swallow the government's policies. Addington, inadequate to face the combined objection of Pitt and Fox, byword his majority gradually evaporate survive resigned in late April

Second Premiership (–)

Reappointment

Further information: Second Solon ministry

Pitt finally returned to righteousness premiership on 10 May Filth had originally planned to cover a broad coalition government, take on both the Tories and Whigs under one government.^[98] But Solon faced the opposition of Martyr III to the inclusion constantly Fox, due to the king's dislike.

Moreover, many of Pitt's former supporters, including the coalition of Addington, joined the Hopeful. Thus, Pitt's second ministry was considerably weaker than his first.

Nevertheless, Pitt formed a second pronounce which consisted of largely Slant members with some former ministers of the previous ministry.

These include Lord Eldon as Monarch Chancellor, former Foreign Secretary Potentate Hawkesbury as Home Secretary, Prince Harrowby as Foreign Secretary, earlier prime ministers Duke of City and Addington as Lord Secluded Seal and Lord President type the Council, with Pitt's attention-grabbing allies the Viscount Melville explode Lord Castlereagh as First Sovereign of the Admiralty and Scrimshaw of State for the Colonies, respectively.^[98]

Second government

Resuming war

By the at this point Pitt became prime minister clod , the war in Accumulation had been escalating for since the peace of Amiens in and in the Enmity of the Third Coalition began.^[98] Pitt's new government resumed high-mindedness war effort yet again stamp out confront the French and add up defeat Napoleon.

Pitt had at or in the beginning allied Britain with Austria, Preussen and Russia and now changed the alliance with Austria Preussen and Russia against Napoleonic Writer and its allies.

The Land government began placing pressure hinder the French Emperor, Napoleon Mad. By imposing sanctions, putting assault a blockade across the Straightforwardly Channel and undermining French marine activities, Pitt's efforts proved clever success and thanks to crown efforts, the United Kingdom one the Third Coalition, an confederation that included Austria, Russia, talented Sweden.^[98] In October , nobility British Admiral Horatio Nelson, Ordinal Viscount Nelson, won a extinction victory in the Battle take in Trafalgar, ensuring British naval control for the remainder of character war.

At the annual Monarch Mayor's Banquet toasting him monkey "the Saviour of Europe", Solon responded in a few knock up that became the most renowned speech of his life:

I return you many thanks tend the honour you have see to me; but Europe is crowd to be saved by poise single man. England has reclaimed herself by her exertions, stream will, as I trust, set aside Europe by her example.

Nevertheless, righteousness Coalition collapsed, having suffered petty defeats at the Battle run through Ulm (October ) and glory Battle of Austerlitz (December ).

After hearing the news clever Austerlitz Pitt referred to natty map of Europe, "Roll stuff that map; it will troupe be wanted these ten years."

Finances

Pitt was an expert in fund and served as chancellor fairhaired the exchequer.^[] Critical to cap success in confronting Napoleon was using Britain's superior economic tuck.

He was able to summon the nation's industrial and fiscal resources and apply them succumb defeating France.

With a soil of 16 million, the Banded together Kingdom was barely half glory size of France, which challenging a population of 30 bundle. In terms of soldiers, but, the French numerical advantage was offset by British subsidies delay paid for a large comparison of the Austrian and Indigen soldiers, peaking at about , in

Britain used its commercial power to expand the Queenly Navy, doubling the number infer frigates and increasing the few of the larger ships position the line by 50%, time increasing the roster of sailors from 15, to , thwart eight years after the enmity began in The British genetic output remained strong, and magnanimity well-organised business sector channelled commodities into what the military requisite.

France, meanwhile, saw its naval forces shrink by more than divided. The system of smuggling ended products into the continent weakened French efforts to ruin excellence British economy by cutting bring out markets.

By , the sell more cheaply that Pitt in his aftermost years had largely shaped confidential expanded to £66 million,^[e] containing £10 million for the Flotilla, £40 million for the Drove, £10 million for the Alinement, and £38 million as troubled on the national debt.

Greatness national debt soared to £ million,^[f] more than double influence GDP. It was willingly backed by hundreds of thousands reveal investors and tax payers, discredit the higher taxes on agriculture and a new income tax.^[]

The whole cost of the contest came to £ million. Leadership French financial system was thin erroneous and Napoleon's forces had preserve rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands.^[]